Minggu, 05 Juni 2011
Instrumen kimia Gas Chromatography (GC)
Merupakan suatu instrumen yang digunakan untuk menganalisis senyawa-senyawa organik yang dapat diuapkan dalam GC diamana titik uapnya antara 200o C- 350o C. Biasanya senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki massa molekul relatif kecil. Detektor yang digunakan dsesuaikan dengan senyawa yang dianalisis.
GC biasanya memakai detektor flame ionization detector (FID) atau thermal conductivity detector (TCD). Sedangkan GC-MS detektornya menggunakan mass spectrometer (spektrometer massa).
F Detektor pada GC :
· Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
Prinsip dasar adalah perubahan konduktivitas panas dari gas yang mengalir lewat detektor ini karena adanya solute didalamnya. Memiliki respon yang baik terhadap zat organic maupun anorganik pada umumnya, dan senyawa-senyawa yang memiliki gugus halogen, N, dan S, sifatnya sederhana, non destruktif terhadap sample.
· Flame Ionization Detektor (FID)
Detektor ini tidak sensitive terhadap gas yang tidak terbakar seperti H2O, CO2, SO2, dan NO2. Detektor ini berguna sebagai detektor umum untuk zat-zat organic,senyawa hidrokarbon, termasuk yang terkontaminasi dengan uap air, oksida nitrogen, dan belerang. Kelemahan destruktif terhadap sample.
· Thermionic Detector (TD)
Detektor ini sensitive terhadap senyawa organik yang mengandung fosfor dan nitrogen. Respon terhadap atom phosphor kiri-kira 10 kali lebih besar daripada respon terhadap atom nitrogen dan 104 sampai 106 lebih besar daripada responya terhadap atom karbon. Dibandingkan dengan FID, maka TD detector 500 kalli lebih sensitive daripada FID untuk senyawa yang mengandung fosfor dan 50 kali untuk senyawa yang mengandung nitrogen. Sifat ini menyebabkan TD cocok untuk analisis pestisida yang mengandung phosphor.
· Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
Detektor ini sangat sensitive terhadap molekul yang mengandung gugus fungsional elektronegatif, seperti halogen, peroksida, quinon, dan nitro group. Tidak sensitive terhadap amine, alcohol, hidrokarbon. ECD sangat cocok untuk analisis insektisida terklorinasi
· Detektor Fotometri Nyala
Detektor ini sensitive terhadap senyawa organik yang mengandung sulfur dimana panjang gelombang yang digunakan adalah 393 nm. Jika panjang gelombang yang digunakan adalah 526 nm maka detektor ini sensitiv terhadap senyawa fosfor.
· Detektor Fotoionisasi.
Detektor ini sensitive terhadap senyawa organik yang dapat terionisasi dengan UV.
· Detektor Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
MS digunakan sebagai detector untuk senyawa secara umum yang bisa dianalisa oleh GC. Digunakan untuk mengetahui BM senyawa yang dianalisis sehingga dapat diketahui struktur molekulnya.
· Nitrogen Phosphor Detector (NPD)
Detektor ini sensitive terhadap senyawayang mengandung unsure nitrogen dan fosfor..
GC-MS
Perkembangan teknologi instrumen menghasilkan alat yang merupakan gabungan dari dua sistem dan prinsip dasar yang berbeda satu sama lain tetapi dapat saling melengkapi, yaitu gabungan antara kromatografi gas dan spektrometer massa (GC-MS). Kedua alat dihubungkan dengan satu interfase. Kromatografi gas disini berfungsi sebagai alat pemisah berbagai komponen campuran dalam sampel, sedangkan spektrometer massa berfungsi untuk mendeteksi masing-masing molekul komponen yang telah dipisahkan pada sistem kromatografi gas. Dari kromatografi GC-MS akan diperoleh informasi struktur senyawa yang terdeteksi.
Dalam kromatografi gas, pemisahan terjadi ketika sampel diinjeksikan ke dalam fase gerak. Fase gerak yang biasa digunakan adalah gas inert seperti helium. Fase gerak membawa sampel melalui fase diam yang ditempatkan dalam kolom. Sampel dalam fase gerak berinteraksi dengan fase diam dengan kecepatan yang berbeda-beda. Saat terjadi interaksi yang tercepat akan keluar dari kolom lebih dulu, sementara yang lambat akan keluar paling akhir. Komponen-komponen yang telah terpisah kemudian menuju detektor. Detektor akan memberikan sinyal yang kemudian ditampilkan dalam komputer sebagai kromatogram. Pada kromatogram, sumbu x menunjukkan waktu retensi (retention time yaitu waktu saat sampel diinjeksikan sampai elusi berakhir), Sedangkan sumbu y menunjukkan intensitas sinyal.
Dalam detektor selain memberikan sinyal sebagai kromatogram, komponen-komponen yang terpisah akan ditembak elektron sehingga terpecah menjadi fragmen-fragmen dengan perbandingan massa dan muatan tertentu (m/z). Fragmen-fragmen dengan m/z ditampilkan komputer sebagai spektra massa, dimana sumbu x menunjukkan perbandingan m/z sedangkan sumbu y menunjukkan intensitas. Dari spektra tersebut dapat diketahui struktur senyawa dengan membandingkannya dengan spektra massa standar dari literatur yang tersedia dalam komputer. Pendekatan pustaka terhadap spektra massa dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi bila indeks kemiripan atau Similarity Indeks (SI) berada pada rentangan ≥80% (Howe and Williams, 1981).
Analisis GC-MS merupakan metode yang cepat dan akurat untuk memisahkan campuran dalam jumlah yang kecil, dan menghasilkan data yang berguna mengenai struktur serta identitas senyawa organik.
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